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Table of Contents
Bluepages Rules
Bluepages Rules
B1
Use of Citation in Legal Writing
B2
Citation Sentences and Clauses
B3
The Elements of a Citation
B4
Introductory Signals
B4.1
[no signal]
B4.2
See
B4.3
E.g.
,
B4.4
Other Signals
B4.5
Order of Signals
B5
Sources and Authorities: Cases
B5.1
Full Citation
B5.1.1
Case Name
B5.1.2
Reporter and Pinpont Citation
B5.1.3
Court and Year of Decision
B5.1.4
Weight of Authority and Explanatory Parentheticals
B5.1.5
Subsequent History
B5.2
Short Form Citation
B5.3
Case Reference Within the Text
B6
Sources and Authorities: Statutes, Rules, and Regulations
B6.1
Full Citation
B6.1.1
Federal Statutes
B6.1.2
State Statutes
B6.1.3
Rules of Evidence and Procedure; Restatements; Uniform Acts
B6.1.4
Administrative Rules and Regulations
B6.1.5
Federal Taxation Materials
B6.1.6
Legislative Materials
B6.2
Short Form Citation
B7
Sources and Authorities: Constitutions
B8
Sources and Authorities: Books and Other Nonperiodic Materials
B8.1
Full Citation
B8.2
Short Form Citation
B9
Sources and Authorities: Journal and Newspaper Articles
B9.1
Full Citation
B9.1.1
Consecutively Paginated Journals
B9.1.2
Nonconsecutively Paginated Journals
B9.1.3
Student-Written Work
B9.1.4
Newspaper Articles
B9.2
Short Form Citation
B10
Sources and Authorities: Court and Litigation Documents
B10.1
Abbreviation
B10.2
Parentheses
B10.3
Pinpoint Citations
B10.4
Date
B10.5
Short Forms
B10.6
Capitalization in Textual Sentences
B10.6.1
Court
B10.6.2
Party Designations
B10.6.3
Titles of Court Documents
B11
Explanatory Parentheticals
B12
Block Quotations
B13
Typeface Conventions
Bluepages Tables
Bluepages Tables
BT.1
Court Documents
BT.2
Jurisdiction-Specific Citation Rules and Style Guides
BT.2 Federal Courts
BT.2 State Courts
BT.2 Territories
Rules
Rules
1
Structure and Use of Citations
1.1
Citation Sentences and Clauses in Law Reviews
1.2
Introductory Signals
1.3
Order of Signals
1.4
Order of Authorities Within Each Signal
1.5
Parenthetical Information
1.6
Related Authority
2
Typefaces for Law Reviews
2.1
Typeface Conventions for Citations
2.2
Typeface Conventions for Textual Material
3
Subdivisions
3.1
Volumes, Parts, and Supplements
3.2
Pages, Footnotes, Endnotes, and Graphical Materials
3.3
Sections and Paragraphs
3.4
Appended Material
3.5
Internal Cross-References
4
Short Citation Forms
4.1
"
Id.
"
4.2
"
Supra
" and "Hereinafter"
5
Quotations
5.1
Formatting of Quotations
5.2
Alterations and Quotations Within Quotations
5.3
Omissions
6
Abbreviations, Numerals, and Symbols
6.1
Abbreviations
6.2
Numerals and Symbols
7
Italicization for Style and in Unique Circumstances
8
Capitalization
9
Titles of Judges, Officials, and Terms of Court
10
Cases
10.1
Basic Citation Forms
10.2
Case Names
10.2.1
Case Names in Textual Sentences
10.2.2
Case Names in Citations
10.3
Reporters and Other Sources
10.3.1
Parallel Citations and Which Source(s) to Cite
10.3.2
Reporters
10.3.3
Public Domain Format
10.4
Court and Jurisdiction
10.5
Date or Year
10.6
Parenthetical Information Regarding Cases
10.6.1
Weight of Authority
10.6.2
Quoting/Citing Parentheticals in Case Citations
10.6.3
Order of Parentheticals
10.7
Prior and Subsequent History
10.7.1
Explanatory Phrases and Weight of Authority
10.7.2
Different Case Name on Appeal
10.8
Special Citation Forms
10.8.1
Pending and Unreported Cases
10.8.2
Fifth Circuit Split
10.8.3
Briefs, Court Filings, and Transcripts
10.9
Short Forms for Cases
11
Constitutions
12
Statutes
12.1
Basic Citation Forms
12.2
Choosing the Proper Citation Form
12.2.1
General Rule
12.2.2
Exceptions
12.3
Current Official and Unofficial Codes
12.3.1
Additional Information
12.3.2
Year of Code
12.4
Session Laws
12.5
Secondary Sources
12.6
Invalidation, Repeal, Amendment, and Prior History
12.6.1
Invalidation
12.6.2
Repeal
12.6.3
Amendment
12.6.4
Prior History
12.7
Explanatory Parenthetical Phrases
12.8
Special Citation Forms
12.8.1
Internal Revenue Code
12.8.2
Ordinances
12.8.3
Rules of Evidence and Procedure
12.8.4
Uniform Acts
12.8.5
Model Codes, Restatements, Standards, and Sentencing Guidelines
12.8.6
ABA Code of Professional Responsibility and Opinions on Ethics
12.9
Short Forms for Statutes
13
Legislative Materials
13.1
Basic Citation Forms
13.2
Bills and Resolutions
13.3
Hearings
13.4
Reports, Documents, and Committee Prints
13.5
Debates
13.6
Separately Bound Legislative Histories
13.7
Short Forms for Legislative Materials
14
Administrative and Executive Materials
14.1
Basic Citation Forms
14.2
Rules, Regulations, and Other Publications
14.3
Administrative Adjudications and Arbitrations
14.3.1
Names
14.3.2
Which Source(s) to Cite
14.3.3
Issuing Agency
14.4
Advisory Opinions
14.5
Federal Taxation Materials
14.5.1
Treasury Regulations
14.5.2
Treasury Determinations
14.5.3
Cases
14.6
SEC and Stock Exchange Materials
14.7
Presidential Papers and Executive Orders
14.8
Court Administrative Orders
14.9
Patents
14.10
Short Forms for Regulations
15
Books, Reports, and Other Nonperiodic Materials
15.1
Author
15.2
Editor or Translator
15.3
Title
15.4
Edition, Publisher, and Date
15.5
Shorter Works in Collection
15.5.1
Works in Collection Generally
15.5.2
Collected Documents
15.6
Prefaces, Forewords, Introductions, and Epilogues
15.7
Serial Number
15.8
Special Citation Forms
15.9
Short Citation Forms
15.9.1
Short Forms for Works in Collection
16
Periodical Materials
16.1
Author
16.2
Title
16.3
Consecutively Paginated Journals
16.4
Nonconsecutively Paginated Journals and Magazines
16.5
Newspapers
16.6
Special Citation Forms
16.6.1
Non-Student-Written Book Reviews
16.6.2
Student-Written Law Review Materials
16.6.3
Symposia, Colloquia, and Surveys
16.6.4
Commentaries and Other Special Designations
16.6.5
Multipart Articles
16.6.6
Annotations
16.6.7
Proceedings, Regular Publications by Institutes, and ABA Section Reports
16.6.8
Newsletters and Other Noncommercially Distributed Periodicals
16.7
Short Citation Forms
17
Unpublished and Forthcoming Sources
17.1
Unpublished Materials
17.1.1
Manuscripts
17.1.2
Dissertations and Theses
17.1.3
Letters, Memoranda, and Press Releases
17.1.4
Interviews
17.1.5
Speeches and Addresses
17.2
Forthcoming Publications
17.3
Working Papers
17.4
Short Citation Forms
18
Electronic Media and Other Nonprint Resources
18.1
Commercial Electronic Databases
18.1.1
Cases
18.1.2
Constitutions and Statutes
18.1.3
Legislative, Administrative, and Executive Materials
18.1.4
Books, Periodicals, and Other Secondary Materials
18.2
The Internet
18.2.1
General Principles
18.2.2
Parallel Citations to Internet Sources
18.2.3
Direct Citations to Internet Sources
18.2.4
E-Mail Correspondence and Online Postings
18.3
CD-ROM
18.4
Microform
18.4.1
Microform Collections Reproducing Preexisting Materials
18.4.2
Microform Collections Containing Original Materials
18.5
Films, Broadcasts, and Noncommercial Video Materials
18.6
Audio Recordings
18.6.1
Commercial Recordings
18.6.2
Noncommercial Recordings
18.7
Short Citation Forms
19
Services
19.1
Citation Form for Services
19.2
Short Citation Forms
20
Foreign Materials
20.1
Jurisdiction Not Evident from Context
20.2
Non-English-Language Documents
20.2.1
Documents Appearing in More than One Language
20.2.2
Titles and Names of Documents in Languages Other than English
20.2.3
Abbreviations in Languages Other than English
20.2.4
Languages That Do Not Use the Roman Alphabet
20.2.5
Citations to Translations of Non-English-Language Documents
20.3
Cases
20.3.1
Common Law Cases
20.3.2
Civil Law and Other Non-Common-Law Cases
20.4
Constitutions
20.5
Statutes
20.5.1
Statutes in Common Law Systems
20.5.2
Statutes in Civil-Law and Other Non-Common-Law Jurisdictions
20.6
Non-English-Language and Foreign Periodicals
20.7
Short Citation Forms
21
International Materials
21.1
Basic Citation Forms
21.2
Non-English-Language Documents
21.3
Jurisdiction Not Evident from Context
21.4
Treaties and Other International Agreements
21.4.1
Name of the Agreement
21.4.2
Parties to the Agreement
21.4.3
Subdivisions
21.4.4
Date of Signing
21.4.5
Treaty Sources
21.5
International Law Cases
21.5.1
The International Court of Justice and the Permanent Court of International Justice (The World Court)
21.5.2
European Union Courts
21.5.3
European Court of Human Rights
21.5.4
Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
21.5.5
East African Court of Appeal
21.5.6
International Criminal Tribunals
21.5.7
Other Multinational Courts
21.5.8
International Cases in National Courts
21.6
International Arbitrations
21.7
United Nations Sources
21.7.1
Verbatim and Summary Records
21.7.2
Resolutions
21.7.3
U.N. Reports
21.7.4
U.N. Press Releases and Memoranda
21.7.5
Adjudicatory Bodies Established by the U.N.
21.7.6
Disfavored Sources for U.N. Materials
21.7.7
Sales Documents
21.7.8
Mimeographed Documents
21.7.9
Yearbooks and Periodicals
21.7.10
Regional Organization Documents
21.7.11
U.N. Charter
21.8
Materials of Other Intergovernmental Organizations
21.8.1
League of Nations Materials
21.8.2
European Union and European Community Materials
21.8.3
Council of Europe Materials
21.8.4
World Trade Organization Materials
21.8.5
Other Intergovernmental Organizations Materials
21.9
International Non-Governmental Organizations
21.10
Yearbooks
21.11
Digests
21.12
Short Citation Forms
Tables
Tables
T.1
United States Jurisdictions
Federal
States and the District of Columbia
Alabama (AL)
Alaska (AK)
Arizona (AZ)
Arkansas (AR)
California (CA)
Colorado (CO)
Connecticut (CT)
Delaware (DE)
District of Columbia (DC)
Florida (FL)
Georgia (GA)
Hawaii (HI)
Idaho (ID)
Illinois (IL)
Indiana (IN)
Iowa (IA)
Kansas (KS)
Kentucky (KY)
Louisiana (LA)
Maine (ME)
Maryland (MD)
Massachusetts (MA)
Michigan (MI)
Minnesota (MN)
Mississippi (MS)
Missouri (MO)
Montana (MT)
Nebraska (NE)
Nevada (NV)
New Hampshire (NH)
New Jersey (NJ)
New Mexico (NM)
New York (NY)
North Carolina (NC)
North Dakota (ND)
Ohio (OH)
Oklahoma (OK)
Oregon (OR)
Pennsylvania (PA)
Rhode Island (RI)
South Carolina (SC)
South Dakota (SD)
Tennessee (TN)
Texas (TX)
Utah (UT)
Vermont (VT)
Virginia (VA)
Washington (WA)
West Virginia (WV)
Wisconsin (WI)
Wyoming (WY)
Other United States Jurisdictions
American Samoa
Canal Zone (CZ)
Guam (GU)
Navajo Nation
Northern Mariana Islands
Oklahoma Native Americans
Puerto Rico (PR)
Virgin Islands (VI)
T.2
Foreign Jurisdictions
Argentine Republic
Australia
Australian States and Territories
Austria, Republic of
Austrian Länder
Brazil, Federative Republic of
Canada
Canadian Provinces and Territories
Catholic Church
China, People's Republic of
Czech Republic
France, Republic of
Germany, Federal Republic of
German Länder
Greece
Hong Kong
Hungary, Republic of
India
Iran, Islamic Republic of
Ireland (Éire), Republic of
Israel
Italy, Republic of
Japan
Kenya
Lebanon, Republic of
Mexico
Netherlands, Kingdom of the (Holland)
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Nigeria
Philippines
Roman Law
Russian Federation
South Africa
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Swiss Cantons
Taiwan, Republic of China
United Kingdom
England and Wales
Northern Ireland (and Ireland until 1924)
Scotland
Zambia, Republic of
T.3
Intergovernmental Organizations
United Nations
League of Nations
European Communities
European Court and Commission of Human Rights
Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
East African Court of Appeal
Other Intergovernmental Organizations
T.4
Treaty Sources
T.5
Arbitral Reporters
T.6
Case Names
T.7
Court Names
T.8
Explanatory Phrases
T.9
Legislative Documents
T.10
Geographical Terms
States, cities, and territories of the United States
Australian states and Canadian provinces and territories
Foreign countries and regions
T.11
Judges and Officials
T.12
Months
T.13
Periodicals
A-B
C-D
E-F
G-H
I-J
K-L
M-N
O-P
Q-R
S-T
U-V
W-X
Y-Z
T.14
Publishing Terms
T.15
Services
T.16
Subdivisions